Ngaphezu kwezici zenqubo, ezinye izici zenqubo yokushisela, njengosayizi womsele kanye nosayizi wegebe, i-angle yokuthambekela kwe-electrode kanye ne-workpiece, kanye nendawo yejoyinti, nazo zingathinta ukwakheka kwe-weld kanye nosayizi we-weld.
Ithonya Lokushisela Kwamanje Ekwakhekeni Kokushisela
Ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, njengoba umsinga wokushisela we-arc ukhula, ukujula kokungena kanye nokuqina komthungo wokushisela kuyanda, kanti ububanzi bokushisela buyanda kancane. Izizathu yilezi ezilandelayo:
1) Njengoba ugesi wokushisela we-arc welding ukhuphuka, amandla e-arc asebenza kugesi wokushisela ayanda, ukufakwa kokushisa kwe-arc kugesi wokushisela kuyanda, futhi isikhundla somthombo wokushisa siyehla, okusiza ekuqhubeni ukushisa ohlangothini lokujula kwechibi elincibilikisiwe futhi kwandisa ukujula kokungena. Ukujula kokungena cishe kuhambelana nogesi wokushisela. Ukujula kokungena kwe-weld H cishe kulingana ne-Km × I. Kule fomula, i-Km iyi-penetration coefficient (inani lamamilimitha lapho ukujula kokungena kwe-weld kukhula khona lapho ugesi wokushisela ukhushulwa ngo-100 A), okuhlobene nendlela yokushisela ye-arc, ububanzi bentambo, uhlobo lwamanje, njll. njengoba kuboniswe kuThebula 1-1.
| izindlela zokushisela i-arc | ububanzi be-electrode/mm | ukushisela ugesi/A | i-voltage/V | isivinini sokushisela/mh-1 | i-coefficient yokungena/m m-100A-1 |
ukushisela i-arc ye-tungsten argon | 3.2 | 100~350 | 10~16 | 6~18 | 0.8~1.8 |
ukushisela i-arc ye-plasma | Ukuvulwa komlomo okungu-1.6 | 50~100 | 20~26 | 10~60 | 1.2~2 |
| 3.4 imbobo yokuvula umlomo | 220~300 | 28~36 | 18~30 | 1.5~2.4 |
ukushisela i-arc engaphansi kwamanzi | 2 | 200~700 | 32~40 | 15~100 | 1.0~1.7 |
| 5 | 450~1200 | 34~44 | 30~60 | 0.7~1.3 |
ukushisela i-argon arc electrode yokuhlanganisa | 1.2~2.4 | 210~550 | 24~42 | 40~120 | 1.5~1.8 |
| Ukushisela kwe-CO2 | 0.8~1.6 | 70~300 | 16~23 | 30~150 | 0.8~1.2 |
| 2~4 | 500~900 | 35~45 | 40~80 | |
Ithebula 1-1 I-Melting depth coefficient Km yezindlela ezahlukene zokushisela i-arc kanye namapharamitha (insimbi yokushisela)
2) Ijubane lokuncibilika kwe-core welding noma i-welding wire ku-arc welding lilingana nomsinga wokushibilika. Njengoba ukwanda komsinga wokushibilika ku-arc welding kuholela ekwandeni kwejubane lokuncibilika kwe-wire welding, inani le-welding wire elincibilikile liyanda cishe ngokulinganayo, kuyilapho ububanzi be-weld bukhuphuka kancane, ngakho-ke ukuqina kwe-weld kuyanda.
3) Ngemva kokwanda komsinga wokushisela, ububanzi bekholomu ye-arc buyanda. Kodwa-ke, ukujula lapho i-arc ingena khona endaweni yokusebenza kuyanda, futhi ububanzi bokunyakaza kwendawo ye-arc bunqunyelwe. Ngakho-ke, ukwanda kobubanzi be-weld kuncane kakhulu.
Ekushiseni igesi yensimbi engenasici evikelwe yigesi (i-MIG), lapho umsinga wokushiseni ukhuphuka, ukujula kokungena kwe-weld kuyanda. Uma umsinga wokushiseni umkhulu kakhulu futhi ubuningi bamanje buphezulu kakhulu, ukungena okufana nomunwe kungenzeka, ikakhulukazi lapho kushiswa i-aluminium.
Ithonya le-voltage ye-arc ekwakhekeni kwe-weld
Ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, lapho i-voltage ye-arc ikhushulwa, amandla e-arc ayanda, futhi okufakwayo kokushisa ku-weldment nakho kuyakhula. Kodwa-ke, ukwanda kwe-voltage ye-arc kufinyelelwa ngokwandisa ubude be-arc. Ukwanda kobude be-arc kuholela ekwandeni kwe-radius yomthombo wokushisa we-arc kanye nokwanda kokushabalaliswa kokushisa kwe-arc. Ngenxa yalokho, ukufakwa kwamandla ku-weldment kwehla, ngakho-ke ukujula kokungena kwehla kancane ngenkathi ububanzi be-weld bead bukhuphuka. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, njengoba ugesi we-welding uhlala ungashintshi futhi inani lokuncibilika kwentambo ye-welding lingashintshi, ukuqina kwe-weld bead kuyancipha.
Ngezindlela ezahlukene zokushisela i-arc, ukuthola ukwakheka kwe-weld okufanele, okungukuthi, ukugcina i-coefficient efanele yokwakheka kwe-weld engu-φ. Ngenkathi kwandiswa ugesi wokushisela, i-voltage ye-arc kufanele ikhuliswe ngokufanele. Kudingeka ukuthi i-voltage ye-arc kanye nogesi wokushisela kube nobudlelwano obufanele bokufanisa. Lokhu kuvame kakhulu ekushiseni i-arc ye-electrode esetshenziswayo.
Ithonya lesivinini sokushisela ekwakhekeni kokushisela
Ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, ukwandisa isivinini sokushisela kuzoholela ekunciphiseni kokufakwa kokushisa kokushisela, ngaleyo ndlela kuncishiswe ububanzi be-weld bead kanye nokungena. Njengoba inani lensimbi yensimbi efakiwe ngobude beyunithi ngayinye ye-weld lilingana ngokuphambene nesivinini sokushisela, kuholela nasekuncishisweni kokuqina kwe-weld bead.
Ijubane lokushisela liyisibonakaliso esibalulekile sokuhlola umkhiqizo wokushisela. Ukuze kuthuthukiswe umkhiqizo wokushisela, ijubane lokushisela kufanele landiswe. Kodwa-ke, ukuqinisekisa usayizi wokushisela odingekayo ekwakhiweni kwesakhiwo, ngenkathi kwandiswa ijubane lokushisela, ugesi wokushisela kanye ne-voltage ye-arc kufanele kwandiswe ngokufanele. Lawa manani amathathu ahlobene. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kufanele futhi kucatshangelwe ukuthi lapho kwandiswa ugesi wokushisela, i-voltage ye-arc, kanye nesivinini sokushisela (okungukuthi, kusetshenziswa i-arc yokushisela enamandla aphezulu kanye nogesi wokushisela ngesivinini esiphezulu), amaphutha okushisela njengokusikwa okungaphansi kanye nemifantu angase avele ngesikhathi sokwakheka kwechibi elincibilikisiwe kanye nenqubo yokuqina kwechibi elincibilikisiwe. Ngakho-ke, ukwanda kwejubane lokushisela kunqunyelwe.
Ithonya lohlobo lwamanje lokushisela kanye nobukhulu be-polarity kanye ne-electrode ekwakhekeni kwe-weld
1. Izinhlobo kanye nezinhlobo ezingafani zamanje okushisela
Izinhlobo zamanje okushisela zihlukaniswe zibe ugesi oqondile kanye nogesi oshintshanayo. Phakathi kwazo, ukushisela i-arc yamanje eqondile kuhlukaniswe kube ugesi oqondile oqhubekayo kanye nogesi oqondile oshukunyiswayo ngokuya ngokuthi kukhona yini i-pulse kugesi; kuhlukaniswe kube uxhumano oluqondile oluqondile (i-weldment ixhunywe kugesi omuhle) kanye nogesi oqondile oxhumanisayo (i-weldment ixhunywe kugesi omuhle) ngokuya nge-polarity. Ukushisela i-arc yamanje eshintshanayo kuhlukaniswe kube ugesi oshintshanayo we-sine wave kanye nogesi oshintshanayo we-square wave ngokuya ngama-waveform ahlukene wamanje. Uhlobo kanye ne-polarity yamanje okushisela kungathinta inani lokufakwa kokushisa kusuka kugesi kuya kugesi, ngakho kungathinta ukwakheka kwe-weld. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kungathinta nenqubo yokudlulisa amaconsi kanye nokususwa kwefilimu ye-oxide ebusweni bensimbi eyisisekelo.
Uma ukushisela i-arc yegesi ye-tungsten inert kusetshenziselwa ukushisela izinto zensimbi ezifana nensimbi ne-titanium, ukungena kwe-weld kujule kakhulu uma ugesi oqondile uxhunywe ohlangothini oluhle, ukungena kujule kakhulu uma ugesi oqondile uxhunywe ohlangothini oluhle, kanti ugesi oshintshashintshayo uphakathi kwalokhu okubili. Njengoba ukungena kwe-weld kujule kakhulu uma ugesi oqondile uxhunywe ohlangothini oluhle futhi i-electrode ye-tungsten inokulahlekelwa okuncane kokusha, uxhumano oluhle lwamanje oluqondile kufanele lusetshenziswe lapho ukushisela i-arc yegesi ye-tungsten inert kusetshenziselwa ukushisela izinto zensimbi ezifana nensimbi ne-titanium. Uma ukushisela i-arc yegesi ye-pulsed inert kusetshenziswa ekushiseni i-arc yegesi ye-tungsten inert, njengoba amapharamitha e-pulse angalungiswa, usayizi wokwakheka kwe-weld ungalawulwa njengoba kudingeka. Lapho ukushisela i-arc yegesi ye-tungsten inert kusetshenziselwa ukushisela i-aluminium, i-magnesium, kanye nama-alloy azo, kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa umphumela wokuhlanza we-cathode we-arc ukuhlanza ifilimu ye-oxide ebusweni bensimbi eyisisekelo. Ugesi oshintshashintshayo ungcono. Njengoba amapharamitha e-waveform we-alternating current yesikwele angalungiswa, umphumela wokushisela ungcono.
Ekushiseni i-arc yensimbi yegesi, lapho ugesi oqondile uxhunywe emuva, ukungena kwe-weld kanye nobubanzi be-weld kokubili kukhulu kunalokho okuxhumeka ngqo kwe-current positive. Ukungena kanye nobubanzi be-alternating current welding kuphakathi kokubili. Ngakho-ke, ekushiseni i-arc engaphansi komhlaba, uxhumano oluqondile lwe-reverse current ngokuvamile lusetshenziselwa ukuthola ukungena okukhulu; kuyilapho ekushiseni i-arc surfacing, uxhumano oluqondile lwe-current positive lusetshenziswa ukunciphisa ukungena. Ekushiseni i-arc yensimbi yegesi ngegesi yokuvikela, njengoba uxhumano oluqondile lwe-reverse direct current lungagcini nje ngokuba nokujula okukhulu kokungena, kodwa futhi inqubo yokudlulisa i-arc yokushiseni kanye ne-droplet izinzile kakhulu kunaleyo ekuxhumaneni ngqo kwe-positive current kanye ne-alternating current, futhi inomphumela wokuhlanza i-cathode, isetshenziswa kabanzi. Ukuxhumeka ngqo kwe-positive current kanye ne-alternating current ngokuvamile akusetshenziswa.
2. Ithonya lesimo sethiphu ye-tungsten electrode, ububanzi bentambo yokushisela kanye nobude besandiso
I-engeli kanye nesimo sengxenye engaphambili ye-tun, i-gsten electrode kunethonya elikhulu ekugxilweni kwengcindezi ye-arc kanye ne-arc. Kufanele zikhethwe ngokuya ngomsinga wokushisela kanye nobukhulu bento yokusebenza. Ngokuvamile, lapho i-arc igxile kakhulu futhi ingcindezi ye-arc inkulu, kulapho ukujula kokungena okwakheke khona kukhulu, kuyilapho ububanzi be-weld buncipha ngokufanayo.
Ekushiseni i-arc yensimbi yegesi, lapho umsinga wokushiseni uhlala njalo, lapho intambo yokushiseni incipha, lapho ukushisa kwe-arc kugxilile khona, ukujula kokungena kuyanda, futhi ububanzi bokushiseni buyancipha. Kodwa-ke, lapho ukhetha ububanzi bentambo yokushiseni kumaphrojekthi okushiseni angempela, ubukhulu bamanje kanye nesimo sechibi lokushisisa kufanele kucatshangelwe ukuze kugwenywe ukwakheka kabi kwe-weld.
Uma ubude besandiso sentambo ekushiseni kwensimbi yegesi bukhula, ukushisa kokumelana okukhiqizwa ugesi wokushiseni odlula engxenyeni ende yentambo kuyanda, okwenza isivinini sokuncibilika kwentambo sikhuphuke. Ngakho-ke, ukuqinisa ukushiseni kuyanda, kuyilapho ukujula kokungena kwehla kancane. Ngenxa yokumelana okukhulu kwezintambo zokushiseni zensimbi, ithonya lobude besandiso sentambo ekwakhekeni kokushiseni lisobala kakhulu ekushiseni ngensimbi nezintambo ezincane. Ukumelana kwezintambo zokushiseni ze-aluminium kuncane kakhulu, ngakho-ke ithonya laso alibalulekile. Nakuba ukwandisa ubude besandiso sentambo kungathuthukisa i-coefficient yokuncibilika kwentambo, uma ucabangela ngokuphelele izici zokuzinza kokuncibilika kwentambo nokwakheka kokushiseni, kunebanga lokuguquguquka elivumelekile lobude besandiso sentambo.
Ithonya lezinye izici zenqubo ezintweni zokwakheka kwe-weld
Ngaphezu kwezici zenqubo ezingenhla, ezinye izici zenqubo yokushisela, njengosayizi womsele kanye nosayizi wegebe, i-angle yokuthambekela kwe-electrode kanye ne-workpiece, kanye nendawo yejoyinti, kungathinta ukwakheka kwe-weld kanye nosayizi we-weld.
1. Umsele kanye negebe
Lapho kushintshwa amalunga ezinqe ngokushintshwa kwe-arc kagesi, kuvame ukunquma ukuthi kufanele kugcinwe igebe, usayizi wegebe kanye nesimo se-groove esivuliwe ngokuya ngobukhulu bepuleti lokushintshwa. Ngaphansi kwezinye izimo ezithile, uma usayizi we-groove noma igebe likhulu, kulapho kuqiniswa khona i-weld eshisiwe, okulingana nokuwa kwesikhundla se-weld. Ngalesi sikhathi, isilinganiso se-fusion siyancipha. Ngakho-ke, ukushiya igebe noma ukuvula i-groove kungasetshenziswa ukulawula usayizi wokuqinisa nokulungisa isilinganiso se-fusion. Uma kuqhathaniswa nokushiya igebe nokungashiyi igebe nokuvula i-groove, izimo zokushabalalisa ukushisa zalezi zibili zihlukile kancane. Ngokuvamile, izimo ze-crystallization zokuvula i-groove zingcono kakhulu.
2. Ukuthambekela kwe-electrode (intambo yokushisela)
Ngesikhathi sokushisela i-arc, ngokuya ngobudlelwano phakathi kwesiqondiso sokuthambekela kwe-electrode kanye nesiqondiso sokushisela, ihlukaniswe ngezinhlobo ezimbili: ukuthambekela kwe-electrode phambili kanye nokuthambekela kwe-electrode emuva. Lapho ucingo lokushisela luthambekele, i-arc axis nayo iyathambekele ngokufanele. Lapho ucingo lokushisela luthambekele phambili, umphumela wamandla e-arc ekukhipheni insimbi yechibi elincibilikisiwe emuva uyancishiswa. Ingqimba yensimbi ewuketshezi phansi kwechibi elincibilikisiwe iba nkulu, ukujula kokungena kuyancishiswa, ukujula lapho i-arc ingena khona ekushiseni kuyancishiswa, ububanzi bokunyakaza kwendawo ye-arc buyandiswa, ububanzi bokushisela buyandiswa, kanye nokuqinisa kuyancishiswa. Uma i-engeli yokuthambekela phambili i-α yentambo yokushisela incane, kulapho leli thonya libonakala khona. Lapho ucingo lokushisela luthambekele emuva, isimo siba ngokuphambene. Ekushiseni i-arc yensimbi evikelwe, indlela yokuthambekela emuva ye-electrode iyasetshenziswa kakhulu, futhi i-engeli yokuthambekela α ephakathi kuka-65° no-80° ifanelekile.
3. Ukuthambekela kwezingxenye zokushisela
Ukuthambekela kokushisela kuvame ukuhlangana ekukhiqizweni kwangempela futhi kungahlukaniswa ngokushisela okukhuphukayo kanye nokushisela okukhuphukayo. Ngalesi sikhathi, ngaphansi kwesenzo samandla adonsela phansi, insimbi yedamu encibilikisiwe ivame ukugeleza phansi eceleni komthambeka. Ekushiseleni okukhuphukayo, amandla adonsela phansi asiza ukukhipha insimbi yedamu encibilikisiwe iye emsileni wechibi elincibilikisiwe, ngakho ukungena kujule, ububanzi bokushisela buncane, futhi ukuqinisa kuphakeme. Lapho i-engeli yokukhuphuka i-α ingu-6° kuya ku-12°, ukuqinisa kukhulu kakhulu, futhi ukunqunywa kukhiqizwa kalula kuzo zombili izinhlangothi. Ekushiseleni okukhuphukayo, lo mphumela uvimbela insimbi yedamu encibilikisiwe ukuthi ikhishwe emsileni wechibi elincibilikisiwe. I-arc ayikwazi ukushisa insimbi phansi kwechibi elincibilikisiwe, ukungena kuyancipha, ibanga elihambayo lendawo ye-arc liyanwetshwa, ububanzi bokushisela buyanda, futhi ukuqinisa kuyancipha. Uma i-engeli yokuthambekela kokushisela kukhulu kakhulu, kuzoholela ekungeneni okunganele kanye nokugcwala kwensimbi yedamu elincibilikisiwe.
4. Izinto zokushisela kanye nobukhulu
Ukungena kwe-Weld kuhlobene nomsinga wokushisela kanye nokuqhuba kokushisa kanye nomthamo wokushisa wevolumu wezinto. Uma ukuguquguquka kokushisa kwezinto kukuhle futhi umthamo wokushisa wevolumu umkhulu, kudingeka ukushisa okwengeziwe ukuze kuncibilikiswe ivolumu yensimbi futhi kukhushulwe izinga lokushisa ngenani elifanayo. Ngakho-ke, ngaphansi kwezinye izimo ezithile ezifana nomsinga wokushisela, ukujula kokungena kanye nobubanzi be-weld kuzoncipha. Lapho ubukhulu noma i-viscosity yoketshezi yezinto ezibonakalayo bukhula, kuba nzima kakhulu ukuthi i-arc isuse insimbi yedamu encibilikisiwe ewuketshezi, kanye nokungena kwe-weld okungajulile. Ubukhulu bengxenye ehlanganisiwe buthinta ukuhanjiswa kokushisa ngaphakathi kwengxenye ehlanganisiwe. Lapho ezinye izimo zifana, njengoba ubukhulu bengxenye ehlanganisiwe bukhula, ukushabalaliswa kokushisa kuyanda, futhi kokubili ububanzi be-weld kanye nokujula kokungena kwehla.
5. I-Flux, i-electrode coating kanye negesi yokuvikela
Ukwakheka okuhlukene kwama-fluxes noma ama-electrode coating kuholela ekwehleni kwamandla kagesi ahlukene ezindaweni ze-electrode ze-arc kanye nama-gradients ahlukene angaba khona ekholomu ye-arc, okuzothinta ngokungenakugwenywa ukwakheka kwe-weld. Lapho i-flux inobuningi obuphansi, usayizi wezinhlayiya ezinkulu, noma ukuphakama okuncane kokufaka, ingcindezi ezungeze i-arc iphansi, ikholomu ye-arc iyanda, futhi indawo ye-arc inobubanzi obukhulu bokunyakaza. Ngakho-ke, ukungena kuncane, ububanzi be-weld bukhulu, futhi ukuqinisa kuncane. Lapho i-arc welding enamandla aphezulu isetshenziswa ukushisela izinto zokusebenza ezijiyile, ukusebenzisa i-flux efana ne-pumice kunganciphisa ingcindezi ye-arc, kunciphise ukungena, futhi kwandise ububanzi be-weld. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-welding slag kufanele ibe ne-viscosity efanele kanye nokushisa okuncibilikayo. Uma i-viscosity iphezulu kakhulu noma izinga lokushisa lokuncibilika liphezulu, i-slag izoba nomoya omncane wokungenisa umoya, futhi kulula ukwakha ukudonsa okuningi ebusweni be-weld, okuholela ekwakhekeni kobuso be-weld obubi.
Ukwakheka kwamagesi okuvikela ukushisela i-arc (njenge-Ar, He, N2, CO2) kuhlukile, futhi izakhiwo zawo zomzimba ezifana nokushisela kokushisa nazo zihlukile. Lokhu kwenza ukwehla kwamandla kagesi esifundeni se-polar kwe-arc kanye ne-gradient engaba khona yekholomu ye-arc, ingxenye ejikelezayo yokuqhuba ikholomu ye-arc, amandla okugeleza kwe-plasma, kanye nokusatshalaliswa kokushisa okuthile kuhluke. Zonke lezi zici zithinta ukwakheka kwe-weld seams.
Ngamafuphi, kunezici eziningi ezithinta ukwakheka kwe-weld. Ukuze uthole ukwakheka okuhle kwe-weld, kubalulekile ukukhetha izindlela zokushisela ezifanele kanye nezimo zokushisela zokushisela ngokwezinto ezibonakalayo kanye nobukhulu bengxenye eshisiwe, indawo ye-weld, isimo sejoyinti, izimo zokusebenza, izidingo zokusebenza kwejoyinti kanye nosayizi we-weld. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, into ebaluleke kakhulu isimo sengqondo somshiseli ngokushisela! Ngaphandle kwalokho, ukwakheka kwe-weld kanye nokusebenza kwayo kungase kungahlangabezani nezidingo, futhi ngisho neziphambeko ezahlukene zokushisela zingavela.
